A research study prepared by Code Red Consultants and sponsored by the NFPA Research Foundation explores the complexities of emergency egress and fire department response in rail tunnels. The study examines how changes to exit distance and walkway width criteria affect occupant evacuation and emergency response. Annex J of the 2026 edition of NFPA 130 references this report and recognizes the possibility of future code changes stemming from its findings.
One of the study’s key findings is that wider walkways and shorter travel distances alone will not significantly improve evacuation outcomes without a coordinated ventilation strategy. An effective ventilation system is essential to prevent passengers and first responders from being exposed to high temperatures, smoke, and toxic gases.
The research identified a critical regulatory gap: the absence of enforceable inspection, testing, and maintenance (ITM) requirements for tunnel ventilation systems once installed. These systems may be relied upon in an emergency, but may go untested for long durations. Proper ITM is critical to ensure they will perform as intended during a fire event.
Based on these findings, future editions of NFPA 130 could be expected to include new provisions that emphasize the long-term performance and reliability of tunnel life safety systems. Transit agencies overseeing aging infrastructure may choose to proactively investigate the condition and functionality of tunnel ventilation equipment, control sequences, and integrated performance. Waiting for future code updates may leave systems unverified and vulnerable when relied upon in an emergency without an ITM plan.
This study lays the foundation for continued dialogue among code bodies, transit agencies, and emergency responders. Code Red Consultants remains committed to advancing tunnel safety by addressing the research gaps identified in the study and by engaging directly with fire departments to improve emergency response and overall system performance.
The full report can be downloaded through the NFPA Research Foundation here.